The income before extraordinary items, interest expense, and taxes, divided by the average of the two most recent years of total assets. (de Andres, 2008)
Return on Asset (ROA) is calculated as net income over total assets. It is a widely used measure of bank profitability in the banking literature. It shows how efficiently a bank uses its assets to generate revenue.
ROA is calculated as the income before extraordinary items, interest expense, and taxes divided by the average of the two most recent years of total assets (García et al, 2015).
ROA is the net income before extraordinary items divided by the beginning balance of total assets (Mashayekhi, 2008)
The return on average assets (ROA), i.e. the ratio of earnings to average assets (Panagiotis et al, 2007)
Defined as the banks’ cumulative net income over the years 2007 and 2008, divided by total assets as of year end 2006 (Aebi, 2012)